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ABSTRACT
In culmination, this study provides a comprehensive examination of non-state actors in international politics, revealing their profound significance across the spectrum of global affairs. The historical evolution, diverse typologies, multifaceted roles, influence on international institutions, norms, and rules, as well as the challenges and opportunities in a dynamic world, have been explored. As this investigation concludes, the synthesized findings prompt reflection on the broader implications of non-state actors in contemporary international relations.