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ABSTRACT
In light of environmental concerns and the diminishing supply of fossil fuels, the search for sustainable chemical processes has become essential. Traditional mineral acids, such as sulfuric acid, have been widely used as catalysts in these reactions, but they are unsustainable options due to their caustic properties, non-renewable supply, and environmental risks. Clay minerals are common and naturally occurring materials that can be easily and affordably converted into solid acid catalysts. The resulting clay-based catalysts show exceptional selectivity, stability, and catalytic activity, making them promising substitutes for regular liquid acids. Furthermore, because it uses renewable and non-toxic raw materials and consumes little to no energy while producing little to no waste, the synthesis of clay-based catalysts adheres to the principles of green chemistry.