ABSTRACT
This study investigated the subchronic toxicity of ethanol extract of Phyllantus amarus on the liver and kidney of Swiss albino mice. Groups of mice were administered varying doses (125mg/kg, 250mg/kg, and 500mg/kg) of the extract for 28 days, and relevant biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological examinations were conducted. The findings revealed that higher doses (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg) significantly increased liver enzyme activities, indicating potential hepatotoxicity. Kidney function was also impaired at these doses, as evidenced by electrolyte imbalances, elevated urea and creatinine levels. Oxidative
stress markers, such as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) activities, were observed in the colon, liver, and kidney tissues, suggesting oxidative damage. Histopathological analysis revealed steatosis (ballooning degeneration) in the liver across all groups, including the control, while the kidney morphology appeared normal.
These findings suggest that higher doses of the Phyllantus amarus ethanol extract may induce
liver and kidney dysfunction, potentially mediated through oxidative stress pathways. However, further research is warranted to establish safe dose ranges, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and evaluate long-term effects. Caution should be exercised when using this extract, particularly at
higher doses, until its safety profile is thoroughly evaluated.
