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ABSTRACT
Edible clays have been traditionally used in various parts of Nigeria, including the Bini region of Edo State, as dietary supplements and for their perceived health benefits. These natural clay deposits can contain a diverse array of phytochemicals and may also harbor potential contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Investigating the phytochemical composition and PAH levels in edible clays is crucial to understanding their nutritional value, therapeutic potential, and safety for human consumption. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the phytochemical and PAH properties of selected edible clay samples collected from Edo State, southern Nigeria. The specific objectives were: 1) to screen and quantify the presence of major phytochemical classes; 2) to determine the concentrations of PAHs; 3) to compare the Edo State edible clay profiles with data from other Nigerian regions; and 4) to explore the implications for the sustainable use of these clays in traditional medicine practices. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, and phenolics, including the unique detection of eugenols in the dark bentonite clay from Uzalla. These bioactive compounds suggest potential health benefits associated with the consumption of the Edo State edible clays. The quantification of PAH levels showed relatively low concentrations, particularly for higher-molecular-weight compounds. However, the presence of detectable levels of lower-molecular-weight PAHs, such as naphthalene and acenaphthene, warrants further investigation and monitoring to ensure the safety of these clays. Comparative analysis with other Nigerian regions indicated similarities in the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, and phenolics, but differences in the absence of certain phytochemicals, highlighting the importance of site-specific evaluations. The findings suggest that the Edo State edible clays may offer valuable therapeutic applications, while the detection of PAHs underscores the need for continuous monitoring and risk assessment to support the sustainable use of these natural resources in traditional medicine practices. This comprehensive study provides insights that can inform future research, policy decisions, and the development of guidelines for the responsible utilization of edible clays in the region
