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ABSTRACT
Slag carbide from welder's waste serves as a crucial source of CaO, which can be utilized as an active component in the production of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel manufacturing, this research evaluates the potential of a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst comprised of Welder’s waste and pig bones in facilitating the transesterification of Rubber seed oil. The catalyst and its precursor materials underwent comprehensive characterisation to assess their structural, compositional, morphological, and thermal attributes. The process of biodiesel production was carried out via a one-step transesterification method, with the optimization of experimental parameters achieved through response surface methodology (RSM). The morphological analysis revealed an aggregated catalyst surface featuring well-defined pores. The catalyst displayed bifunctionality, as indicated by the presence of both basic compound (calcium oxide) and acidic compound (Iron (III) chloride). With a substantial surface area (393 m2 /g) and pore volume (0.203 cm3 /g), it contributed to a maximum biodiesel yield of 92.6%, achieved at a reaction temperature of 60 °C, a catalyst loading of 1 wt.%, a reaction time of 75 minutes, and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6:1. The RSM model demonstrated high adequacy in modeling biodiesel production (R2 = 0.9577). Furthermore, the physiochemical properties of the biodiesel derived from Rubber seed oil were evaluated. The properties of the biodiesel produced were found to be in line with established standards. This synthesized catalyst offers several advantages over conventional counterparts due to its reusability, straightforward synthesis process, stability, substantial surface area, and ready availability of precursor materials.
