Abstract
The wide-spread use and misuse of Antibiotics has resulted in antibiotics pollution of many water bodies which calls for concern. The occurrence, levels and human risk assessment of six commonly used antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Sulfamethoxazole, Ciproflaxin, Ofloxacin and Trimethroprim) were assessed in Ikpoba River, Edo state, Nigeria.
Surface water, sediments and fish (Tilapia zillii and Synodontis schall) samples were collected from three stations (Capitol, Upper Lawani and Ikpoba slope) along the stretch of the river. Samples were collected for a period of six months (August, 2021 to January, 2022). Antibiotics residue were assessed in Surface water, Sediments and Fish (Tilapia zillii and Synodontis schall) using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results of the physicochemical parameters of water samples for Ikpoba River showed that pH ranged from 4.10 to 7.90, Total Dissolved Solids ranged from 10.60 mg/L to 340.00 mg/L, Dissolved Oxygen ranged from 0.50mg/L to 6.20mg/L, Biological Oxygen Demand ranged from 0.90 mg/L to 5.90 mg/L, Turbidity ranged from 0.00 NTU to 296.00 NTU, Sulphate ranged from 1.00 mg/L to 25.00 mg/L, Phosphate ranged from 0.05 mg/L to 2.98 mg/L, Calcium ranged from 0.80 mg/L to 5.61 mg/L and Magnesium ranged from 0.49 mg/L to 12.64 mg/L. The results showed the presence of five antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Sulfamethoxazole, Ciproflaxin and Ofloxacin) in all the matrices sampled. Trimethroprim was not detected in any of the samples. The concentrations of antibiotics in water ranged from 0.00 ± 0.00 mg/L to 0.73 ± 0.65 mg/L, 0.00 ± 0.00 mg/kg to 2.58 ± 1.91 mg/kg in sediments, 0.00 ± 0.00 mg/kg to 3.38 ± 0.41 mg/kg in Synodontis schall, 0.00 ± 0.00 mg/kg to 3.21 ± 0.47 mg/kg in Tilapia zillii. Amoxicillin was the most dominant antibiotics in water, sediment and fish accounting for 30%, 39.9% 51% and 57% in water, sediment, Tilapia zillii and Synodontis schall respectively. Higher concentrations of Antibiotics were observed in Dry season than in wet season. Human risk assessments showed potential risk of Amoxicillin and Ciproflaxin residues in Tilapia zillii and Synodontis schall which calls for concern as HQ values were greater than 1 (>1). Regular monitoring of the Ikpoba River for antibiotic residue is therefore important to prevent risk to human health.
