ABSTRACT
The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh from 1992 to 2022 reflects one of the most enduring territorial and ethnic disputes in the post-Soviet space. Spanning decades, it witnessed two major wars, countless ceasefire violations, and failed diplomatic negotiations. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1992-1994) left Armenia in control of the region and surrounding territories, resulting in a protracted stalemate. However, the status quo was dramatically altered in the 2020 war, where Azerbaijan, with significant military support from Turkey and the use of advanced technology, reclaimed much of the lost territory, including parts of Nagorno-Karabakh.9
Despite Azerbaijan’s military victory, the fundamental issues remain unresolved. The status of Nagorno-Karabakh is still contested, and the region continues to be a flashpoint for ethnic and geopolitical tensions. Russian peacekeepers temporarily help maintain the ceasefire, but the potential for renewed violence remains, as the root causes of the conflict—territorial claims, the desire for self-determination, and historical grievances—have not been fully addressed. The future of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict will depend on sustained diplomatic efforts, potential international mediation, and the political willingness of both sides to compromise. Without a long-term peace agreement that guarantees security and self-governance for all parties involved, the conflict risks re-escalating, impacting regional stability and international relations.10
Resolving the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict requires a multifaceted approach that addresses not only the immediate political and military issues but also the underlying ethnic tensions, historical grievances, and humanitarian crises. A sustainable peace can only be achieved through comprehensive diplomacy, international support, and meaningful reconciliation between the two nations. All parties must be committed to dialogue, compromise, and a shared vision of a peaceful, prosperous future.
