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ABSTRACT
Cigarette smoking has been identified as the most important risk factor for some cancers and the second leading risk factor for death in the world. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals and compounds, including many oxidants and free radicals that can induce oxidative damage in Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This study was conducted to determine the cytomorphological, biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses of urinary cells among active and passive cigarette smokers in South-West Nigeria. Urine samples were collected from 250 active cigarette smokers and 200 passive cigarette smokers in South-Western Nigeria. Twenty (20) ml of urine samples were collected from each participant and shared into 3 clean test tubes. The first part was used to determine the heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead and Zinc); the second part was used to determine the amount of 8-Hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and Oxoguanine Glycosylase (OGG1); while the third part was used to prepare smears for Haematoxylin and Eosin, Papanicolaou stain and immunocytochemical stain (S100, AE1/AE3, CK20 and P53). The urine cytomorphological features of passive cigarette smokers revealed normal superficial squamous cells, urothelial cells, cast, necrotic debris and mild inflammatory cells while that of active cigarette smokers revealed high cellular turnover, dysplastic epithelial cells, atypical urothelial cells with degenerative cells. Being active cigarette smokers did not strongly influence the expression of S100, AE1/AE3, CK20 and p53 in urine (P0.05). Urinary cadmium Cadmium (0.16± 0.11 vs 0.06±0.02), Lead (0.23±0.12 vs 0.13±0.10) and Zinc (0.63±0.53 vs 0.34±0.27) levels among active cigarette smokers were significantly higher when compared with passive cigarette smokers (P ˂ 0.0001). Urine 8-OHdG (345.84±90.98 vs 223±68.48) and OGG1 (220.71±59.55 vs 97.20±56.14) levels among active cigarette smokers were also significantly higher when compared with passive cigarette smokers (P ˂ 0.0001). Based on the outcome of this study, cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of oxidative stress among active and passive cigarette smokers.
