ABSTRACT
Halitosis, a prevalent oral health concern, significantly impacts quality of life and social interactions. This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extracts from Mentha piperita (peppermint), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), and Petroselinum crispum (parsley) in combating halitosis-associated pathogens, while exploring their phytochemical profiles and antimicrobial potential. The research aimed to provide a natural, accessible alternative to synthetic oral care products.The polyherbal extract was prepared through aqueous infusion and tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Results revealed concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with 100% extract showing the highest inhibition zones (10.5 ± 0.5 mm against L. acidophilus). Gram-negative bacteria exhibited greater resistance, likely due to structural complexity. Ciprofloxacin outperformed the extract, though the latter demonstrated notable efficacy, particularly against plaque-forming pathogens. MIC values ranged from 42 mg/mL (L. acidophilus) to 58 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), while MBCs indicated bactericidal effects at 42–58 mg/mL.Phytochemical analysis identified alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids, with phenolics (296.225 ± 3.825 mg TAE/g) and flavonoids (7.8585 ± 0.3065 µg Qe/g) as predominant bioactive compounds. Elemental analysis highlighted essential nutrients, including potassium (3185.315 mg/kg) and calcium (431.818 mg/kg), supporting oral health.The study underscores the potential of parsley, peppermint, and clove extracts as multi-targeted natural agents for halitosis management. Their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and nutrient-rich profiles position them as viable candidates for mouthwash or lozenge formulations. While less potent than synthetic antibiotics, these extracts offer safer, holistic alternatives with minimal side effects, aligning with global trends toward plant-based therapeutics. Further optimization and clinical trials are recommended to validate their practical application in oral hygiene.
