ABSTRACT

Heavy metal toxicity, particularly from lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), poses serious health risks due to oxidative stress and hematological disruptions. This study investigated the antioxidant and hematoprotective potential of hydroethanolic extracts of Citrus sinensi’s phytowaste (peels, fibers, and seeds) in mitigating Pb and Cd-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control group, a Pb & Cd-exposed group, a Zinc & Selenium-treated group, and the groups receiving Citrus sinensi’s extract (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) with Pb and Cd in the drinking water. Administration lasted for 90 days, the rats were sacrificed, blood was collected for oxidative stress markers, hematological parameters, and heavy metal accumulation in blood and heart tissues were analyzed.The results showed significant weight loss, oxidative stress, and hematological disturbances in the Pb & Cd group compared to the control. However, treatment with Citrus sinensi’s extract improved antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating reduced oxidative damage. Hematological parameters, such as hemoglobin (HGB) and packed cell volume (PCV), also improved significantly in extract-treated groups. Additionally, Citrus sinensi’s extract reduced Pb and Cd accumulation in the blood and heart, supporting its detoxifying potential.These findings suggest that Citrus sinensi’s phytowaste possesses strong antioxidant and hematoprotective properties, highlighting its potential as a natural, cost-effective intervention against heavy metal toxicity. Further research is recommended to explore its clinical applications and mechanisms of action.