ABSTRACT
Heavy metal toxicity, particularly from lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), induces oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to severe health complications such as organ damage and immune dysfunction. Conventional detoxification methods have limitations, necessitating the search for natural alternatives. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory modulation of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) waste in Wistar rats exposed to Pb and Cd toxicity. Twenty-five (25) rats were divided into five groups: a control, a Pb and Cd-exposed group, and treatment groups receiving 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of Citrus sinensis extract. Inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL6, IL-10) and oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, catalase, MDA, GSH) were analyzed. Results revealed that Pb and Cd exposure significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL6) while reducing anti-inflammatory IL-10, indicating heightened inflammation. Citrus sinensis waste treatment, particularly at higher doses, effectively reduced TNF-α and IL-6, increased IL10, and enhanced antioxidant activity by boosting SOD and catalase levels, leading to decreased MDA and oxidative damage. These findings highlight the potential of Citrus sinensis waste as a natural anti-inflammatory and detoxifying agent, counteracting heavy metal-induced toxicity. Beyond its health benefits, repurposing citrus waste promotes sustainable waste management, providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for addressing environmental pollution and public health risks. Further studies are recommended to explore its applicability in human health and pharmaceutical development.
