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ABSTRACT
The palm kernel shell was used to make biochar, then characterised and treated with 1M HCL. The modified biochar was used to adsorb Pb and Cd ions in an aqueous solution. The findings showed that the physicochemical characteristics of biochar are considerably changed by acid treatment. When compared to unmodified biochar (BC), acid-modified biochar (MBC) showed better adsorption properties, including a lower pH, more surface area, and a lower bulk density. The SEM study discovered a rough surface morphology with irregular particles, which improved the MBC's adsorption sites. Functional groups like hydroxyl and alkane were discovered by FTIR spectroscopy, which enhanced MBC's surface characteristics and reactivity. Additionally, the adsorption studies showed that pH, duration, and doses all affect the removal of Pb and Cd ions. The results demonstrate the potential of acid-modified biochar as a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for removing heavy metals from polluted water systems.
