ABSTRACT
Ocean shipping has become a crucial way to transport goods globally. Our daily lives are closely connected to the ocean, providing us with food and various marine-related products. Despite its significance, the current condition of the marine environment with regards to pollution is concerning. Instances such as oil spills, leaks, and chemical releases have had a severe impact on the ocean, making recovery a challenging task. Some beaches are closed to the public due to unsuitable water for bathing and littered with plastics. Approximately 80% of marine pollution is caused by sewage discharge, agricultural run-off, nutrients, and pesticides. This study utilized an observational design to examine marine pollution in Nigerian port harbors. Wastewater samples, including ballast, bilge, and black water, were collected from three sampling locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters, such as heavy metals, oil hydrocarbons, etc. Visual surveys were conducted to evaluate macroplastic pollution (e.g., plastic bags, bottles, fishing gear), other visible contaminants (e.g., oil spills, debris), and interactions with wildlife (e.g., marine birds, fish). Interviews and surveys were administered to port personnel, local community members, government officials, and industry representatives. Furthermore, water quality in Apapa, Nigeria, was assessed by comparing the findings to Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency standards. Samples from Daddo Terminal, Apapa Jetty, and Apapa Dockyard were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters to determine compliance with water quality regulations and identify potential pollution sources. Our analysis revealed significant water quality degradation in the studied Nigerian port harbors, with all measured parameters exceeding acceptable limits. The elevated levels of turbidity (21.667 NTU), total suspended solids (12666.67 mg/L), total dissolved solids (12350 mg/L), chloride (24166.67 mg/L), and total solids (22666.67 mg/L) indicate contamination from sources such as sewage, industrial effluents, and runoff. These measurements were obtained using field meters, turbidity meters, thermometers among others. Furthermore, the results showed elevated levels of turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and nutrients, indicating pollution. Low dissolved oxygen levels suggested organic pollution. Additionally, interviews and surveys with maritime personnel identified oil spills, garbage, and sewage as primary pollution sources.
