ABSTRACT
Alternative fuels are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels in place of conventional fuels, such as fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas), nuclear materials like uranium and thorium, as well as synthetic radioisotope fuels produced in nuclear reactors. Alternative fuels are also referred to as non-conventional and advanced fuels. Several well-known alternative fuels include biodiesel, bio-alcohol (methanol, ethanol, butane), refuse-derived fuel, chemically stored energy (batteries, fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomass sources. The automotive industry and researchers have been forced to look into the usage of alternative fuels in automobiles due to the depletion of oil sources and certain environmental concerns. Some fuel sources will stand out in this regard with particular benefits, while others won't. Choosing the alternative fuel source that is best for automobiles in the present environment is essential. Understanding the characteristics of various forms of energy and weighing their advantages and disadvantages are essential for arriving at this decision. In this project, a comparative approach is used to assess each alternative fuel's benefits and drawbacks, environmental impact, impact on human health and the environment, availability, and economic implications to determine which of the fuels is most appropriate for use in automobiles under the current circumstances. This research compares the fuels LPG, CNG, hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, and methanol, which might replace gasoline and diesel, with electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. According to the study, ether and alcohol (butanol, methanol, ethanol, and fossil fuels) are the most affordable alternative fuels, but electric and fuel cell cars stand out for their environmental advantages. Hydrogen may also be viewed as an important fuel because it is used as an energy source for both internal combustion engines and fuel cell vehicles.
